![]() A wide range of biochemical and physiological mechanisms may be responsible for resistance. ![]() This is true for agents used in the treatment of bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral infections and for treatment of chronic diseases such as cancer and diabetes it applies to ailments caused or suffered by any living organisms, including humans, animals, fish, plants, insects, etc. The successful use of any therapeutic agent is compromised by the potential development of tolerance or resistance to that compound from the time it is first employed. ![]() In particular, creative approaches to the discovery of novel antibiotics and their expedited and controlled introduction to therapy are obligatory. To achieve complete restitution of therapeutic applications of antibiotics, there is a need for more information on the role of environmental microbiomes in the rise of antibiotic resistance. This review presents the salient aspects of antibiotic resistance development over the past half-century, with the oft-restated conclusion that it is time to act. The extraordinary genetic capacities of microbes have benefitted from man's overuse of antibiotics to exploit every source of resistance genes and every means of horizontal gene transmission to develop multiple mechanisms of resistance for each and every antibiotic introduced into practice clinically, agriculturally, or otherwise. This is true, but the real wonder is the rise of antibiotic resistance in hospitals, communities, and the environment concomitant with their use. Summary: Antibiotics have always been considered one of the wonder discoveries of the 20th century.
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